Hermann Anton GrafDate of Birth: 24.10.1912 - Engen, Großherzogtum Baden (German Empire)
Date of Death: 04.11.1988 - Engen, Baden-Württemberg (West Germany)
Battle and Campaigns: Phoney War (1939-40), Operation Merkur (1940), Battle of Crete (1941), Defence of Ploesti (1941), Operation Barbarossa (1941), southern crossings over the Dnieper (1941), the capture of Poltava (1941), the First
Battle of Kharkov (1941), crossing the Perekop isthmus into the Crimea (1941), Battle of Rostov (1941), Battle of Crimea (1941), Battle of Stalingrad (1942), Defense of the Reich (1943-44), Eastern Front (1944-45), Vistula-Oder offensive (1945)
Parents: Wilhelm Graf (1878–1937) and Maria Sailer (1877–1953)
Siblings: Wilhelm Wilhelm Graf (1904–1981) and Josef Wilhelm Graf (1909–1981)
Spouse: Jola Jobst, unknown and Helga Schröck
Children: Hermann-Ulrich Graf (born 1959) and Birgit Graf (1961)
Promotions:
00.09.1939 Feldwebel
01.05.1940 Leutnant der Reserve
19.05.1942 Oberleutnant der Reserve
16.09.1942 Hauptmann
29.09.1942 Major
01.05.1944 Oberstleutnant
08.05.1945 Oberst
Career:
00.00.1926 finished his Volksschule (primary school)
00.00.1935 entered the Luftwaffe
02.06.1936 - 25.09.1936 with FFS (Fliegerführer-Schule) Karlsruhe to begin flying training
04.10.1937 - 31.12.1937 graduated to the B1 school in Ulm-Dornstadt
31.05.1938 completed his B2 training in Karlsruhe
31.05.1939 passing the officer-candidate training at Neubiberg and transferred to 2./JG 51
20.01.1940 transferred to Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Merseburg as an instructor
00.04.1940 instructor in a Flugzeugführerschule, transferred to JG 51
06.10.1940 transferred to 9.Staffel / III.Gruppe / Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52)
00.07.1941 transferred to 2.Staffel / I.Gruppe / Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52)
04.08.1941 transferred back to to 9.Staffel / III.Gruppe / Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52). Graf achieved his first victory in the early hours of the day when his
squadron was escorting a Junkers Ju 87 dive-bombing strike, shooting
down one of a pair of attacking Polikarpov I-16 fighters
04.03.1942 - 30.09.1942 Staffelkapitän 9.Staffel / III.Gruppe / Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52)
27.08.1942 - 26.09.1942 Staffelkapitän Kommando Stalingrad
04.09.1942 he became the second pilot to reach the 150th victory – downing a Yakovlev Yak-1
23.09.1942 shot down ten Russian aircraft
26.09.1942 he became the first pilot in aviation history to claim 200 enemy aircraft shot down
28.01.1943 - 11.06.1943 Kommandeur Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Ost (EJGr Ost)
11.06.1943 - 15.10.1943 Geschwaderkommodore Jagdgeschwader 50 (JG 50)
21.10.1943 - 10.11.1943 Geschwaderkommodore Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1)
12.11.1943 - 23.04.1944 Geschwaderkommodore Jagdgeschwader 11 (JG 11)
29.03.1944 - 02.09.1944 WIA and in hospital for the next 6 months
02.09.1944 - 19.09.1944 Führerreserve OKL General der Jagdflieger
20.09.1944 - 08.05.1945 Geschwaderkommodore Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52)
08.05.45 just before receiving the order to surrender, Graf received a promotion to Oberst; surrendered to the Americans who immediately handed him over to the Russians
25.12.1949 released from Camp 69 at Frankfurt /Oder
00.00.1950 released from Soviet captivity (while a POW, Graf is aledgedly said to have made pro-Soviet statements that alienated his comrades). Became a salesman for an electronics manufacturer and rose to become a branch manager in Baden and later head of sales. He took up flying and became a member of the Swiss Aeroclub. Shunned by his fellow veterans after the war for seditious statements made while a POW in Russia
Awards and Decorations:
01.09.1939 Flugzeugführerabzeichen
15.05.1941 Frontflugspange für Jäger in Bronze
23.05.1941 Ordinul Coroana Romäniei
07.06.1941 Insigna de Aviatie (Romanian Pilot's Badge)
24.07.1941 Ordinul Virtutea Aeronautica de Razboi cu Spade Clasa Crucea de Aur
22.08.1941 Eisernes Kreuz II.Klasse
09.08.1941 Frontflugspange für Jäger in Silber
31.08.1941 Eisernes Kreuz I.Klasse
10.11.1941 Frontflugspange für Jäger in Gold
09.12.1941 Luftwaffe Ehrenpokale für besondere Leistungen im Luftkrieg (for 20 victories)
24.01.1942 Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes, as Leutnant der Reserve and Flugzeugführer in 9.Staffel / III.Gruppe / Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52). Awarded after 42 aerial victories.
15.04.1942 Deutsches Kreuz in Gold
03.05.1942 Mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht
15.05.1942 Mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht
17.05.1942 Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub #93, as Leutnant der Reserve and Flugzeugführer in 9.Staffel / III.Gruppe /
Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52). Awarded after 104 aerial victories.
19.05.1942 Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern #11, as Leutnant der Reserve and Staffelkapitän in 9.Staffel / III.Gruppe /
Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52). Awarded after 106 aerial victories.
30.08.1942 Medaille "Winterschlacht im Osten" 1941/42 (Ostmedaille)
05.09.1942 Mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht
16.09.1942 Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub, Schwertern und Brillanten #5, as Oberleutnant der Reserve and Staffelkapitän 9.Staffel / III.Gruppe / Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52). Awarded after 172 aerial victories.
22.09.1942 Mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht
25.09.1942 Frontflugspange für Jäger in Gold mit Anhänger
27.09.1942 Mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht
08.10.1942 Gemeinsames Flugzeugfuhrer-Beobachter Abzeichen mit Brillianten
31.05.1943 Krimschild
04.05.1944 Verwundetenabzeichen in Schwarz
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Hermann Anton Graf was born on 24 October 1912 in Engen in what was then the Grand Duchy of Baden near Lake Constance and the border to Switzerland, the son of Wilhelm Graf (1878–1937), a farmer, and his wife Maria, née Sailer (1877–1953). He was the third of three children, with two older brothers, Wilhelm Wilhelm (1904–1981) and Josef Wilhelm (1909–1981). His father fought in and survived World War I as an artillery soldier, being awarded the Iron Cross. Postwar, the Weimar Inflation crisis of 1923 wiped out virtually all the family savings, and as a result, from a very early age, Graf had to work.
As a young boy, Graf was an avid footballer. He started with his local football club DJK Engen and later became a goalkeeper at FC Höhen. In his teens, he was selected to join a group of talented young players trained by Sepp Herberger. Herberger was a forward in the Germany national football team from 1921–25, and later head coach of the German 1954 FIFA World Cup-winning team. However, a broken thumb ended Graf's early hopes for a professional football career.
Graf finished his Volksschule (primary school) in 1926 at the age of thirteen. Without the means to fund a higher education, Graf applied for an apprenticeship. For the next three years, he worked as a locksmith's apprentice at a local factory. A locksmith had a low income, so when offered work as an apprentice clerk, he gladly accepted a change in career.
Graf saw his first aircraft when he was twelve years old. This sight created a conflict between his passion for football and a new obsession with flying. From 1930, he worked at the Engen town hall and saved all his money to buy a glider. Before his 20th birthday, he provided a homemade glider to the new Engen Sailplane Club. Every Sunday he would go out to the nearby Ballenberg mountain until a heavy crash destroyed his glider in the fall of 1932. In 1935, after Adolf Hitler officially revoked the Treaty of Versailles, Graf applied for flight training in the newly created Luftwaffe.
Graf was accepted for the Luftwaffe's A-level pilot training school in Karlsruhe on 2 June 1936. This training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and deadstick landings. He graduated to the B1 school in Ulm-Dornstadt on 4 October 1937. The B courses included high-altitude flying, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle an aircraft in difficult situations. He subsequently completed his B2 training in Karlsruhe on 31 May 1938.
After graduating from the B2 school Graf was, at the age of 26, initially thought to be too old for fighter pilot training and was selected for the C school for transport pilots. On 31 May 1939, Graf passed officer-candidate training at Neubiberg. Because the fighter force was in dire need for new officers, Unteroffizier (a rank equivalent to sergeant) Graf was then transferred to 2. Staffel (2nd squadron) of I./Jagdgeschwader 51 (I./JG 51—1st group of the 51st fighter wing) at Bad Aibling . At this time I./JG 51 was equipped with one of the leading fighter aircraft of the time, the Messerschmitt Bf 109E-1. Graf, who had never flown a modern fighter aircraft before, ended his first flight in a Bf 109 with a crash. When I./JG 51 was briefly reequipped with the Czech-built Avia B-534 biplane in July 1939, it gave Graf an opportunity to prove his flying expertise as well as to restore his self-confidence.
When Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, I./JG 51 was stationed by the French border at Speyer and Graf was promoted to Feldwebel (a higher grade of sergeant). The unit immediately exchanged the Avia B-534 biplanes for Bf 109s and was tasked to protect Germany's western border. During this period of the so-called "Phoney War", Graf flew 21 combat sorties without firing his guns and was still considered an unreliable pilot. On 20 January 1940, his Gruppenkommandeur (Group Commander) Hans-Heinrich Brustellin had Graf transferred to Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Merseburg, which was a training unit for new fighter pilots to receive tactical instruction from pilots with combat experience. This unit was commanded by Major Gotthard Handrick, the 1936 Olympic gold medalist in the modern pentathlon and former commander of Jagdgruppe 88 of the Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War.
While at this training unit, Graf was promoted to Leutnant (equivalent to second lieutenant) on 1 May 1940. At Merseburg, Graf met and befriended two other pilot trainees, Alfred Grislawski and Heinrich Füllgrabe, with whom he would later spend much of his combat career. Their time spent in the unit meant they missed the air combat of the Battle of France and Battle of Britain. On 6 October 1940, Handrick was appointed Gruppenkommandeur of III./Jagdgeschwader 52 (III./JG 52). Handrick had some influence on the personnel rotation within his Gruppe and had Graf and Füllgrabe transferred to 9./JG 52 with him, where they rejoined Grislawski.
The rise of General Antonescu in Romania in 1940 led to a reorganization of his country's armed forces. In this, he was supported by a military mission from Germany, the Luftwaffenmission Rumänien (Luftwaffe Mission Romania) under the command of Generalleutnant (equivalent to major general) Wilhelm Speidel. Handrick's III./JG 52 was transferred to Bucharest in mid-October and temporarily renamed I./Jagdgeschwader 28 (I./JG 28) until 4 January 1941. Its primary task was to train Romanian Air Force personnel. Here, the trio of Graf, Füllgrabe and Grislawski was joined by Ernst Süß, and later by Leopold Steinbatz and Edmund Roßmann.
The airmen of 9./JG 28 spent a couple of relaxing months in Bucharest, outside the close scrutiny of Berlin. Graf even managed to play football when a Luftwaffe team played against Cyclope Bucharesti at the Bucharest Sports Arena before 30,000 spectators. During its time in Romania, the unit was witness to a major earthquake in November and an abortive civil war in January.
In March 1941, III./ JG 52 flew several sorties as aerial cover for the German 12th Army as it crossed the Danube into Bulgaria in preparation for the German intervention in the Greco-Italian War and its Balkan Campaign. During that operation, Graf's unit was kept back to defend the strategically vital Ploiești oilfields from Allied bombing raids, which never eventuated. In May, Graf was able to organise a second soccer international against a Romanian army team. For this, he called upon Herberger, now manager of the national team. Herberger arranged for several of the German squad to play, including an international debut by Fritz Walter. With Graf in goal, it was Walter who scored a hattrick in the 3–2 win.
In the third week of May 1941 a detachment of III./JG 52, including Graf, was transferred to southern Greece to support Operation Merkur, the German invasion of Crete. The unit flew mostly ground attack and anti-shipping missions during the fortnight it was based there but Graf did not engage in any aerial combat.
By mid-June, III./JG 52 was back together in Bucharest and re-equipped with the new, more powerful Bf 109F-4 model. The Gruppe was not involved in most of the fighting in the opening phases of Operation Barbarossa as it was once again kept back to defend Ploiești and the Romanian ports from Soviet bombers. The pilots’ mood was not helped when Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, the commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, criticised the unit on 4 July for its lack of success compared to virtually all the other Jagdgruppen. On 1 August, after German advances had removed the threat of Soviet air attacks on Romania, the unit was transferred to the front line and the major Luftwaffe airbase at Belaya Zerkov in the Ukraine south of Kiev. Graf achieved his first victory in the early hours of 4 August when his squadron was escorting a Junkers Ju 87 dive-bombing strike, shooting down one of a pair of attacking Polikarpov I-16 fighters. Despite his success, he was reprimanded by his squadron leader, because he had broken formation and forgotten to arm his guns before firing! His second victory was achieved the next day, although Graf was lucky to get away unscathed – landing his aircraft riddled with bullet holes.
As the German ground forces advanced across the Ukraine in August and September, the air units of JG 52 kept pace – constantly moving on to forward airbases. The Gruppe was involved in providing cover for the southern crossings over the Dnieper, the capture of Poltava, the First Battle of Kharkov and then crossing the Perekop isthmus into the Crimea. They often flew three or four missions a day when weather permitted. By the end of October Graf was mastering his flying technique, becoming adept at low-level flying, and had achieved 20 victories. The rains arrived in November, turning the airfields to mud and limiting air operations and the number of serviceable aircraft. Graf's unit was moved forward to Taganrog to support the battle for Rostov. Once the snow arrived, freezing the ground, operations picked up again. In heavy combat over and around the see-saw battle, Graf had doubled his score to 42 by the end of 1941, making him one of the Gruppe’s leading pilots. On New Year's Day 1942, III./JG 52 was transferred to the relative comfort of the large Kharkov-Rogan airfield, with its closed hangars. The blizzard conditions (often getting down to −20 °C overnight) made flying virtually impossible. On 24 January, Graf was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for his victories to date. Soon after, he was sent on rotation back home on leave. Within a month, his regular wingman, Steinbatz, was also awarded the Knight's Cross for a similar score.
Returning to his unit in mid-March, he soon achieved his 50th victory. On 23 March, he was promoted to Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 9./JG 52 after his predecessor was shot down behind enemy lines and taken prisoner. The rains returned in April, bringing the muds of the rasputitsa. Aerial activity virtually stopped as both sides took the opportunity to regroup.
At the end of the month, III./JG 52 transferred to the Crimea, where Erich von Manstein's 11th Army was laying siege to Sevastopol. The 11th Army also faced Soviet forces on the Kerch Peninsula. Red Army forces had conducted amphibious landings there on 26 December 1941 and had strong air cover. At this time, Graf was competing with Leutnant Gerhard Köppen of 7./JG 52 (with 72 victories) as the Gruppe’s top pilot. They were constantly flying extra missions to outdo each other. On 30 April 1942, Graf had his best day to date. In seven missions over fourteen hours, he shot down six enemy aircraft to take his tally to 69. Exhausted, he then missed a day but on 2 May he exceeded that feat with seven victories from six missions. It was at this time that his squadron got the famous moniker, the "Karaya Staffel", from a record that Süß would incessantly play at the airfield and hum along to in the air. On 5 May, Köppen (with his score at 85 victories) was shot down over the Sea of Azov and was last seen being shelled by nearby Soviet artillery.
The ground offensive for Kerch opened on 8 May but almost immediately, III./JG 52 (with Graf on 90 victories) was sent back to Kharkov, to counter a major Soviet offensive there. The air conflict was intense and in the first two days (13–14 May 1942), Graf shot down thirteen aircraft, which included his 100th victory. He became the seventh Luftwaffe pilot to achieve that milestone. It is an illustration of his dominance within his Gruppe, and the Luftwaffe tactical doctrine of ace versus wingman. In the first six months of 1942 Graf alone accounted for a quarter of all the aircraft shot down by III./ JG 52. It was the culmination of a remarkable seventeen days since his return to the front in which he had shot down 47 aircraft. He was awarded the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross on 17 May 1942 for achieving 104 victories. Only two days later, his score now at 106, he was notified that he was also to receive the Swords to his Knight's Cross! On 24 May, Graf and Leutnant Adolf Dickfeld of 7./JG 52, flew to the Eastern Front headquarters at Rastenburg in Poland (the Wolf's Lair), for the official Oak Leaves and Swords presentation by Adolf Hitler the next day. Dickfeld was presented with the Oakleaves, having been awarded it on 19 May for achieving 101 victories after he shot down eleven aircraft on 18 May.
Following that, Graf was sent back to Germany on four weeks leave, during which he made a number of public appearances. While he was on leave, his long-time wingman and friend, Steinbatz, was killed on 15 June when his plane crashed after being hit by anti-aircraft fire. Steinbatz had been awarded the Oakleaves to his Knight's Cross on 2 June, and was posthumously awarded the Swords to his Knight's Cross for his 99 victories – the first non-commissioned officer in the Wehrmacht to be so honored.
By the time Graf returned to active duty at the end of July, III./JG 52 had re-equipped with the Bf 109G, and was back at Taganrog in the south. On the ground, the German Army's summer offensive, Fall Blau, was underway, and the city of Rostov, gateway to the Caucasus, had fallen. In mid-August, III./JG 52 moved forward to provide air cover as the army tried to establish bridgeheads across the Kuban River to capture the Black Sea ports. Geschwaderkommodore Gordon Gollob, of nearby JG 77, was temporarily appointed to command JG 52, after Major Herbert Ihlefeld, was severely wounded in a take-off accident. Gollob rivalled Graf for highest scoring pilot on the Eastern Front. On 14 August, both pilots had 120 victories. Soon after, Graf led a detachment of experienced aces from III./JG 52 reassigned to JG 3 to cover the assault on Stalingrad. The detachment came under the command of Hauptmann Wolf-Dietrich Wilcke from JG 3.
Initially Graf was based at Tuzov and then Pitomnik west of the city. He and his colleagues no longer faced obsolescent aircraft, as they had in the south. The city was critical to both sides. It was strongly defended and became the focus of intense air battles. Graf's victories quickly mounted, reaching 140 by the end of August. In September, he shot down 62 enemy aircraft. On 4 September 1942, he became the second pilot to reach their 150th victory – downing a Yakovlev Yak-1. This came just 6 days after Gollob achieved the same milestone. Many times, he was lucky to get back to base uninjured. His aircraft was routinely shot up by enemy pilots or anti-aircraft fire. The fastest-scoring ace of the Luftwaffe, he was now shooting down several planes each day. The three fighters he downed on 9 September took him to 172 victories, which made him the top-scorer in the Luftwaffe. For this, he was awarded the Diamonds to his Knight's Cross. He became the fifth member of the Wehrmacht to receive this award, which at that time had only been awarded to Luftwaffe personnel. Within the space of eight months, he had received all four levels of the Knight's Cross – Germany's highest military decoration! He was also soon promoted to Hauptmann (Captain).
The next day tempered this achievement. Despite shooting down two more aircraft, it was the first time he had lost his wingman. Unteroffizier Johann Kalb had to bail out over the Volga River and was captured by Soviet troops. On 17 September he claimed three more victories but a 20mm Soviet cannon-shell went through his canopy, narrowly missing his head. On 23 September, he scored a remarkable ten victories in three missions, taking him to 197. On 26 September, he became the first pilot in aviation history to claim 200 enemy aircraft shot down. The 62 victories he claimed in that single month (of September) remain a record unbeaten in aviation history. Elevated to hero status by the Luftwaffe, he was promoted to Major on 29 September and forbidden from flying further combat missions. The whole of JG 52 gathered at Soldatskaja to congratulate him before he flew back to Berlin a few days later.
For the next few months, after home leave, Graf was sent on propaganda tours across Germany. He was also able to meet the Germany national football team and went to several of their international matches. On 28 January 1943 Graf took command of Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Ost (Fighter Training Group East) based in occupied France. Here newly trained fighter pilots destined for the Eastern Front received their final training from experienced Eastern Front pilots. The main base was at St. Jean d'Angély 70 miles (110 kilometers) north of Bordeaux on the Atlantic coast although Graf spent most of his time at the Toulouse-Blagnac Airport. Graf selected a Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-5 aircraft for his personal use and lavishly decorated it. Without the stress of aerial combat, Graf was again able to indulge his other great passion: soccer.
In response to political humiliation caused by de Havilland Mosquito bombing raids into Germany, Hermann Göring ordered the formation of special high-altitude Luftwaffe units (Jagdgeschwader 25, commanded by Ihlefeld and Jagdgeschwader 50, under Graf) to combat these attacks. In mid-March, Graf was ordered to Berchtesgarden, Hitler's alpine retreat, where he received his instructions from Göring personally. Graf was permitted to choose his personnel. He transferred his old friends, Grislawski, Süss and Füllgrabe, from III./ JG 52, as well as a number of football players serving as administrators in his JGr Ost training unit.
While in Berlin organizing the necessary transfers, Graf was introduced to the young film actress, Jola Jobst, whom he later wed. The new assignment was then delayed for two months for political reasons. Graf was to run one final pilot-training program: the latest draft of Spanish volunteers heading to the Eastern Front – the 4th Escudrilla Azul (4th Blue Squadron). From 18 May to 6 June 1943, the pilots received three weeks of specialized fighter pilot training for the Soviet conditions.
On 11 June 1943, Graf arrived at the Wiesbaden airfield to set up his new unit. Remaining elements were drafted out of Jagdgruppe Süd . The unit would be equipped with the new Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-5, a high-altitude variant of the Bf 109 G-6. It was equipped with a pressurized cockpit and armed with extra underwing cannons or rockets. Delivery of the aircraft was delayed but in the meantime, Graf was able to shoot down a Mosquito intruder. Graf's focus also went back to football. He invited Sepp Herberger, coach of Reich's football team, to Wiesbaden to train his team for a day. During this visit, Herberger encouraged Graf to use his influence to save Germany's best footballers from frontline duty. Subsequently, Graf brought in players from the Germany national football team as administrators, drivers and mechanics – men like Hermann Eppenhoff, Hermann Koch, Alfons Moog, Franz Hanreiter and Walter Bammes. Graf also requested Fritz Walter, who later captained the West German World Cup team of 1954. Walter's transfer was more difficult. For this, Graf had to submit his request directly to Generaloberst (Colonel General) Friedrich Fromm, the commander of the Ersatzheer (Reserve Army).
The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) daylight bombing offensive over Europe commenced in January 1943. It was having an increasing impact. By July, they were able to reach deep into Germany and demanded more and more attention from the Luftwaffe. At the end of the month, against an 800-bomber raid on Kassel, Graf claimed his first four-engine bomber.
His unit received the first twelve Bf 109 G-5 planes in July 1943. With one of these aircraft he managed to reach an altitude of 14,300 meters (46,900 feet). The unit was finally declared combat ready on 31 July 1943, albeit with only nineteen aircraft and made up of a single, three-squadron, Gruppe. Graf's football team, the Roten Jäger (Red Hunters), was also ready and played its first game on 4 August 1943, with Graf as goalkeeper. This football team followed Graf in his command postings for the remainder of the war. The unit's first major interception was fairly inauspicious – a bomber raid on the Ruhr on 12 August. Graf was greatly annoyed that no enemy aircraft were shot down. On 15 August 1943, Graf's unit was officially named Jagdgeschwader 50 (50th Fighter Wing). On 17 August, the USAAF Eighth Air Force raided Regensburg, attacking the Messerschmitt factories there. This time JG 50 was far more successful. It was based almost right in the raid's flightpath and claimed 11 bombers shot down for the loss of two of their own pilots. It was mooted that JG 50 would be equipped with the Messerschmitt Me 163 rocket fighter. The Me 163 was being tested by Major Wolfgang Späte's test unit Erprobungskommando 16 (16th Test Commando) at Peenemünde and Rechlin in the summer of 1943. Following a visit to the test unit, Graf also learned about the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter. He returned to JG 50 full of optimism. The unit's regular role was extended to bomber interception, and Graf's Mosquito, the first victory for the unit, ironically proved to be the only one shot down by JG 50. After the heavy losses of the Regensburg raid, the USAAF was unable to immediately mount further unescorted deep raids into Germany. This allowed some respite for JG 50. Its next major action was 6 September. Graf shot down two of the four four-engined bombers claimed, even though he had to crash-land his aircraft.
The Allied bomber offensive was taking its toll of experienced leaders. On 8 October 1943, Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel) Hans Philipp, the second pilot after Graf to reach 200 air victories, and Geschwaderkommodore (Wing Commander) of Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1 – 1st Fighter Wing), was killed in action. The next day, while still officially remaining in command of JG 50, Graf was appointed acting Geschwaderkommodore of JG 1 and transferred to Jever. Graf appointed Grislawski (then Staffelkapitän [Squadron leader] of 1./ JG 50) as acting Kommodore in his absence. The Eighth Air Force flew their second raid on Schweinfurt on 14 October 1943. Although costly to the attackers (77 heavy bombers were destroyed by either German fighters or by the anti-aircraft fire for the loss of 46 German fighters), Göring was not satisfied. On 23 October, Graf and Major Anton Mader, Geschwaderkommodore of Jagdgeschwader 11 (JG 11 – 11th Fighter Wing, the other home-defense day-fighter unit) were summoned to a meeting of the fighter commanders with Göring at Deelen Air Base near Arnhem. The night before, 6,000 civilians had been killed in a bombing raid on Kassel. En route from Jever, Graf and Mader were nearly shot down by a flight of two Mosquitos over the North Sea Coast, while flying in an unarmed Messerschmitt Bf 108 Taifun.
Several days after the October meeting, JG 50 was disbanded and its personnel absorbed into I./Jagdgeschwader 301, a Wilde Sau night-fighter unit. While operational, JG 50 had claimed 45 Allied four-engined bombers. Graf was promoted to Oberst (Colonel) and on 11 November, appointed Geschwaderkommodore (Wing Commander) of JG 11, when Mader was transferred to JG 54 in the Leningrad sector. Aside from Grislawski, who was kept on as Staka (the squadron commander) of 1./ JG 1, he managed to take his soccer players and friends with him. Sunday 20 February marked the start of "Big Week" – six consecutive days of concentrated bombing by the USAAF designed to overwhelm the German defences. JG 11 was heavily involved and Graf shot down a B-24 Liberator for his 208th victory on 24 February. His 209th aerial victory, west of Berlin on 6 March, was over another B-24 Liberator, of the 453d Bombardment Group. It was actually an Herausschuss (separation shot) – a severely damaged heavy bomber forced to separate from its combat box and which the Luftwaffe counted as an aerial victory. On 29 March, Graf shot down two P-51 Mustangs that were making a fighter sweep ahead of their bomber stream. Chased and harried by the rest of their squadron, he tried to ram another before bailing out. Landing heavily, he broke both knees and fractured his arm. These would prove to be his final air victories. Prompt attention from the JG 11 medic saved Graf from losing his arm. From April to early July he spent time recovering in a hospital in his home-town of Engen. On 24 June, he married Jobst, whom he had been seeing over the past year.
During his convalescence, he was visited by the General der Jagdflieger (General of Fighters), Generalleutnant Adolf Galland, who offered Graf command of his old unit, JG 52. Graf accepted with the proviso that his Roten Jäger football team went with him. Once criticized for its low scoring rate early in the war, it was now the pre-eminent Geschwader, with over 10,000 victories. His return was celebrated with a welcome dinner at its headquarters in Kraków, southern Poland, on 20 September 1944. He was officially appointed on 1 October. Ongoing weakness in his left arm kept Graf on the ground. In the two years since he had left the Eastern Front, the quantity and quality of the Soviet pilots had greatly improved, as had their equipment. For the remainder of the war he oversaw his three separated fighter groups shuttled up and down the front, in emergency responses to each new Soviet offensive. Several times the crews had to evacuate as Soviet tanks and artillery were shelling their airfield. The German fuel crisis severely curtailed the amount of flight-time. Consequently, the November total for the wing of only 369 Soviet aircraft shot down was the lowest monthly total of the eastern campaign. As the winter weather got worse, the lull allowed Graf to organise a football match between his Roten Jäger and a local Kraków team, watched by 20,000 German soldiers.
In December, both Erich Hartmann and Gerhard Barkhorn, Graf's best pilots, returned to active duty. Within a month, they both achieved their 300th victories. On New Year's Day, the Luftwaffe's western command launched Operation Bodenplatte, against Allied air forces based in the Low Countries. It was an unsuccessful attempt to support the Battle of the Bulge offensive. For the failure, Göring fired Galland as General of the Fighters. In response, a meeting of senior Geschwadern commanders, in early January (including Graf), agreed to approach Göring and demand major changes. When confronted, Göring was furious and immediately demoted all the fighter leaders aside from Graf, who stayed as Kommodore of JG 52 because of the unit's exemplary war record. Göring told Graf he needed him against the imminent Soviet attack.
The major Soviet Vistula-Oder offensive began in January which saw a number of the fighter units transferred from Reich Defence to defend the Eastern Front. JG 52 was based in and around Breslau defending the vital Silesian industrial region with intercept and ground attack missions. An enormous effort managed to briefly stall the Soviet advance. The Luftwaffe flew 2500 sorties on 1 & 2 February alone. On 25 January, Hans-Ulrich Rudel destroyed his 500th tank while his unit was based with JG 52. In the middle of this, Erich Hartmann was ordered to report for jet-training with Galland's new JV 44. Strong protests by both Graf and Hartmann had this order rescinded.
In mid-April, the siege of Berlin began and on 17 April, Hartmann claimed his 350th victory. On 21 April, Graf's unit began its deployment towards Deutsch Brod roughly 80km away from the city of Brno. General Hans Seidemann, commander of Luftwaffenkommando VIII, wanted to make a last stand in the Alps. Graf disobeyed Seidemann's order for him and Erich Hartmann to fly to the British sector to avoid capture by the Soviets. He also refused to abandon his ground-crew and fly with his pilots to join Seidemann in the alpine redoubt. Instead, he led the 2,000 unit-personnel and fleeing local citizens on a march through Bohemia to cross the Moldau River (the nominal Allied stop-line). Once there, he surrendered his unit to the 90th US Infantry Division near Písek on 8 May 1945 and became a prisoner of war (POW).
Graf's unit was interned for over a week with more than 30,000 other disarmed soldiers in a primitive camp with minimal food and sanitation. Following the letter of the Allied agreement, units fighting on the Eastern Front were to become Soviet prisoners. Graf and most of the JG 52 personnel were handed over by the American forces to the Soviet Union on 15 May 1945. On 20 August, he and other senior Luftwaffe officers, including Hartmann and Hans Hahn, were moved to POW Camp No. 150 in Gryazovets, northeast of Moscow. This was a (relatively) more comfortable confinement than the regular labour camps and intended to provide a more sympathetic environment for high-profile prisoners. When Graf was found not to be malleable for their purposes, the Soviet regime put him on trial for war-crimes. However, when insufficient evidence could be produced, the charges were dropped. Erich Hartmann however, was found guilty and sentenced to 25 years of forced labour. On 8 December 1945, Graf was moved to POW Camp No. 27 in Krasnogorsk, Moscow. The author, Musciano, mentions that he was subject to solitary confinement for extended periods, but that he had his final order hidden in his shoe and would re-read it to keep his sanity.
Whereas German POWs in Allied camps were progressively released in 1946–1947, the Soviets mainly released their prisoners in 1948–1949. Graf's release was finally approved late in 1949 and he was transferred to Repatriation Camp No. 69 (Heimkehrerlager Gronenfelde) near Frankfurt (Oder) in East Germany on 25 December 1949. By 3 January 1950, he was back in his home town of Engen, in the French Occupation Zone.
This relatively early release was perceived by many to have been due to collaboration with his Soviet captors, something for which his fellow pilots criticized him, especially following a 1950s book by fighter ace and fellow Soviet POW, Hans Hahn, entitled "I Speak the Truth" (Ich spreche die Wahrheit). This led to Graf's exclusion from post-war Luftwaffe veterans' associations. In 1971 Graf made his own statement to the newspaper, "Bild am Sonntag", saying that he, along with others including Hartmann, had briefly joined the BDO (an anti-Nazi group of German ex-officer prisoners) as a way to survive the psychological deprivation of the imprisonment. Bergström et al. say this is borne out by the Russian RGVA archive of Graf's POW file which makes no mention of extended co-operation with pro-Soviet groups(the BDO was disbanded after only a few months). (Hahn's account was corroborated by Siegfried Knappe who described Graf as someone who did everything the Russians asked of him out of fear.)
Like many veterans, Graf initially had a hard time finding work, but his connections in the football community helped him. Herberger introduced Graf to Roland Endler, a welding manufacturer ("Elektro-Schweiss-Industrie GmbH") from Neuss. Endler also became president of the FC Bayern Munich football club between 1958 and 1962. Endler employed Graf as a salesman in his company, and Graf eventually advanced to branch leader in Baden-Württemberg and Sales Manager. The link to Bayern Munich allowed him to enjoy his long love of football, although his injuries never let him play competitively again. He did however, return to flying, joining the Zürich branch of the Swiss Aero Club in 1951. Shunned by many veterans, he did remain friends with of a number of his former comrades from the JG 52, in particular Alfred Grislawski.
His marriage with Jobst soon collapsed and they divorced. He married twice thereafter and his third wife, Helga Schröck (whom he married in May 1959), gave birth to a son, Hermann-Ulrich, in 1959, and a daughter, Birgit, in 1961. In 1965, Graf was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, a condition that seemed to affect many former high-altitude flyers and which caused his health to slowly deteriorate. Graf died in his hometown of Engen on 4 November 1988.
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Graf was credited with 212 aerial victories. He claimed these aerial victories in 830 combat missions, 10 on the Western Front which included six four-engined-bombers and one Mosquito, and 202 on the Eastern Front. Mathews and Foreman, authors of 'Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims', researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 206 aerial victory claims, plus six further unconfirmed claims. This figure includes 202 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and four four-engined bombers on the Western Front.
Adolf
Hitler (Führer und Oberster Befehlshaber der Wehrmacht) chats with two
Luftwaffe fighter aces, Leutnant Adolf Dickfeld (left, Flugzeugführer in
7.Staffel / III.Gruppe / Jagdgeschwader 52) and Leutnant d.R. Hermann
Graf (Staffelkapitän 9.Staffel / III.Gruppe / Jagdgeschwader 52), who
just both receives the Eichenlaub and Schwerter respectively. Dickfeld
received the Eichenlaub #94 on 19 May 1942 for 101 aerial victories,
while Graf received the Eichenlaub #93 and Schwerter #11 on 17 and 19
May 1942 for 104 and 106 aerial victories. The picture was taken at the
Führerhauptquartier Wolfsschanze in Rastenburg, East Prussia, on 8 June
1942.
Oberleutnant
Hermann Graf (Staffelkapitän 9.Staffel / III.Gruppe / Jagdgeschwader
52) with the "staffelhund" (squadron's mascot). In the background is a
Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter plane.
This
picture was taken by Heinrich Hoffmann, and it shows Adolf Hitler
(Führer und Oberster Befehlshaber der Wehrmacht) ceremonially awards the
Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub, Schwertern und
Brillanten to Major Hermann Graf (Staffelkapitän 9.Staffel / III.Gruppe /
Jagdgeschwader 52). The ceremony were held at the Führerhauptquartier
Werwolf in Vinnitsa, Ukraine, on 7 October 1942. Luftwaffe fighter ace
Hermann Graf formally received the Brillanten on 16 September 1942 after
achieving 172 aerial victory. Other pictures from the same series can be seen
HERE.
Brillantenträger
Major Hermann Graf in a Tita Binz postcard Nr. P 283. Flying from
Pitomnik Airfield, Graf achieved his 172nd aerial victory on 9th
September 1942 for which he was awarded the Knight’s Cross of the Iron
Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen
Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub, Schwertern und Brillanten) on 16th September,
the fifth member of the Wehrmacht to receive this distinction. Within a
time-frame of 235 days he had received every grade of the Knight’s Cross
available at the time! The next day, on 17th September, he claimed
three more victories and on 23rd September, victories 188 to 197. On
26th September, he became the first pilot in aviation history to claim
200 enemy aircraft shot down. He claimed three victories that day taking
his total to an unprecedented 202. Following this he received a
promotion to Major on 1st October 1942. Some time after this Graf was
ordered not to fly operationally anymore, as the High Command was
concerned about the potential morale loss if he was to be shot down.
Brillantenträger
Major Hermann Graf during a visit to his birthplace Engen,
Baden-Württemberg, Germany. After receiving the Brillanten from Hitler
and elevated to hero status by the Luftwaffe, he was promoted to Major
on 29 September 1942 and forbidden from flying further combat missions.
For the next few months, after home leave, Graf was sent on propaganda
tours across Germany. He was also able to meet the Germany national
football team and went to several of their international matches. The
picture was taken by Hanns Tschira and first
published by 'Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung' Nr.45/1942.
Brillantenträger
Major Hermann Graf (right) talking with his brother, Wilhelm Graf, who
is a medic NCO in the Wehrmacht. In front of them we can see a
half-empty beer. The picture was taken by Hanns Tschira and first
published by 'Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung' Nr.45/1942.
Major
Hermann Graf (left) in conversation with Professor Willy Messerschmitt
(right), and world air speed record holder Flugkapitän Fritz Wendel
(center). This picture was taken by Kriegsberichter Thiele in October
1942 when Luftwaffe ace with the highest aerial victories at that time,
Hermann Graf, visiting the Messeschmitt factory in Augsburg.
'Der
Adler', magazine of the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) during World War
II. Cover of 20 October 1942 (French edition) showing Hauptmann Hermann
Graf, recognised for 200 war 'victories'.
Duo
Hermann: Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring and Major Hermann Graf in the
event of the 50th birthday of the Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe, 12
January 1943. In July 1943, Göring asked Graf to set up a special
high-altitude fighter unit to contend with British de Havilland Mosquito
light bombers. Geschwaderkommodore Graf was granted the authority to
select any member he wished for the new Jagdgruppe 50, which would
operate out of Wiesbaden-Erbenheim Airdrome. Graf chose close friend and
wingman Alfred Grislawski, as well as Ernst Süss and Heinrich
Füllgrabe, to form the ‘Karaya Quartet.’
Major
Hermann Graf speaks in front of NSFK (Nationalsozialistisches
Fliegerkorps) audience at the Sportpalast, Berlin, 13 January 1943.
After he received the Brillanten in September 1942, for the next few
months, after home leave, Graf was sent on propaganda tours across
Germany. He was also able to meet the Germany national football team and
went to several of their international matches. The picture was taken
by Kriegsberichter Stiehr. Other pictures from this sequence can be seen
HERE.
After
becoming the Geschwaderkommodore of Jagdgeschwader 50 (JG 50) in June
1943, Hermann Graf was allowed to pick any pilots he wished for the new
unit, and he chose a three aces Alfred Grislawski, Ernst Süß, and
Heinrich Füllgrabe from his old unit - the 9. Staffel of JG 52. This
picture shows the
first "Karayaexperten" (Karaya Experts) from JG 52 seated on the wing
of the Messesrschmitt Bf 109, but now with the new
high-altitude "Höhenjagdgeschwader" JG 50, in the defense of the Reich.
From left to right: Hauptmann Alfred Grislawski (Gruppenkommandeur I.
Gruppe), Major Hermann
Graf (Geschwaderkommodore), Oberfeldwebel Heinrich Füllgrabe
(Jagdlehrer), and Leutnant Ernst Süss (Staffelführer 1.Staffel /
I.Gruppe). Other pictures from this series can be seen
HERE.
Luftwaffe fighter ace and Brillantenträger Major Hermann Graf (Geschwaderkommodore Jagdgeschwader 50) explaining the aircraft he flew, a Messerchmitt Bf 109 G-6, to the visiting Hitlerjugend members, summer of 1943. Graf is credited with 212 victories in over 830 missions. He recorded 202 victories over the Eastern Front. Of his 10 victories recorded over the Western front, six were four-engine bombers.
Luftwaffe
fighter ace and Brillantenträger Major Hermann Graf
(Geschwaderkommodore Jagdgeschwader 50) explaining the aircraft he flew,
a Messerchmitt Bf 109 G-6, to the visiting Hitlerjugend members, summer
of 1943. Graf is credited with 212 victories in over 830 missions. He
recorded 202 victories over the Eastern Front. Of his 10 victories
recorded over the Western front, six were four-engine bombers. Other
pictures from the same series can be seen
HERE.
Major
Hermann Graf in a studio photo taken in 1943. The picture was taken by
unknown photographer from Presse-Illustrationen Heinrich Hoffmann, and
was first published by 'Das Reich' Nr. 37/1943. Other pictures from the same series can be seen
HERE.
1.
Officers from 1. Jagdkorps on exercise in Zeist, Holland, December
1943. They were all Tagjäger (Day Fighter). At least three of them are
wearing the Ritterkreuz in their neck, from left to right: Oberst
Max-Josef Ibel (Kommandeur 2. Jagd-Division. Ritterkreuzträger),
Oberstleutnant Anton Mader (Stabsoffizier 1. Jagdkorps. 86 victories.
Ritterkreuzträger), and Major Hermann Graf (Geschwaderkommodore
Jagdgeschwader 11. 212 victories. Brillantenträger).
The
wedding day of Luftwaffe ace Oberst Hermann Graf and actress Jola
Jobst, which were held on 29 June 1944. This picture shows when the
bride and groom entering their names together in the "Goldene Buch"
(Golden Book) at the City Hall of Wiesbaden. Graf and Jobst first met in
Berlin in 1943 when the Luftwaffe ace organizing the necessary
transfers for his new assignment as the Kommodore of Jagdgeschwader 50.
He was introduced to the young film actress Jola Jobst, and then they
got in touch. From April to early July 1944 Graf spent time recovering
in a hospital in his
home-town of Engen. In June he married Jobst, whom he had been
seeing over the past year. After Hermann Graf had returned from Soviet
captivity in December 1949 his marriage with Jola Jobst collapsed and
they were divorced. Following her divorce, Jobst married fellow actor
Wolfgang Kieling in 1950. Tragically, for unknown reason, Jola Jobst
committed suicide only two years later at the age of 36...
Hermann
Graf with his wife Helga in their home, 1972. Beside them is the rudder
of Messerschmitt Bf 109 with victory bars, belong to Graf in World War
II. After the war, his marriage with actress Jola Jobst soon collapsed
and they divorced (1949). Graf married twice thereafter and his third
wife, Helga Schröck (whom he married in May 1959), gave birth to a son,
Hermann-Ulrich, in 1959, and a daughter, Birgit, in 1961. In 1965, Graf
was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, a condition that seemed to
affect many former high-altitude flyers and which caused his health to
slowly deteriorate. Graf died in his hometown of Engen on 4 November
1988.
Hermann Graf's list of awards and service records from his Wehrpass, page 50-51. Eisernes Kreuz II.Klasse was forgotten here (the award is dated 09.08.1941 in the Soldbuch).
Source :
Jim Haley photo collection
"Luftwaffe Officer Career Summaries: Section G-K" by Henry L. deZeng IV and Douglas G. Stankey
https://www.alexautographs.com/auction-lot/hermann-graf_F1E431DA64
https://audiovis.nac.gov.pl/obraz/31025/9b4b3027861bedbadcd8f21ed44ecdd8/
https://beeldbankwo2.nl/nl/beelden/detail/d4155414-0259-11e7-904b-d89d6717b464/media/4f52bc5b-3c89-aa70-ea1e-50a53ec10ddd?mode=detail&view=horizontal&q=hermann%20graf&rows=1&page=1
https://www.bpk-bildagentur.de/
https://www.geni.com/people/Hermann-Graf/6000000041032136389
https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/graf-hermann-colonel-and-fighter-pilot-germany12-10-1988-news-photo/543899601
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Graf
http://www.jg52.net/ritterkreuztraeger/hermann-graf/
https://www.surreymilitaria.com/en-GB/wwii-german-photographs-and-ephemera/1-jagdkorps-war-game-photo-with-knights-cross-winners/prod_10483#.YKCIqt0xXct
